In-text citations

Task 2: Analysis of in-text citations

Identifying in-text citations in a research article

In this paper different types of in-text citations are going to be analyzed taking into account the American Psychological Association style for documenting sources. This manual provides us with effective tools to cite authors when using direct quotations with less or more than 40 words or specific parts of a source.

In the research article by Dolk, M & den Hertog, J. (2008) Narratives in teacher education, Interactive Learning Environments different types of in-text citation were clearly stated. One kind of direct quotation with more than 40 words is stated as follows:

Doyle and Carter (2003) saw narrative knowing as an important part of teacher education.

The key phrase here is that we, as human beings, live storied lives,  that we story the experiences we have. Although several stories of any particular experience are possible, it is very difficult to story what we have not yet experienced…(Dolk and den Hertog, 2008, p.216)

The previous kind of citation was found at different times while a direct quotation with less than 40 words was not. Then other styles to document parts of sources can be identified like paraphrased material and signal phrases:

Goffree and Dolk (1995) identified reflection, narration and construction as being particularly important for teacher education. (Dolk and den Hertog, 2008, p.216)

As Freudenthal (1991) stated, teaching and didactical experiences result from observing learning processes. (Dolk and den Hertog, 2008, p.225)

There are distinct techniques that might be applied to allow the reader distinguish between other authors’ works and the original ideas in an article. To sum up, APA guidelines provide useful techniques to document sources in varying ways like direct quotations, paraphrasing and signal phrases.

 

References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American                          

               Psychological Association (6^th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Dolk, M & den Hertog, J. (2008). Narratives in teacher education, Interactive

              LearningEnvironments, 16:3, 215-229, DOI: 10.1080/10494820802113970